Advances in research on pediatric oral liquid dosage forms / 中国药科大学学报

@#Liquid preparations are the commonly used oral dosage forms in pediatric clinical practice.This review introduces the pediatric oral liquid dosage forms including extemporaneous preparation of oral liquid formulations, oral liquid sustained and controlled release formulations, nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, self-nanoemulsions and milk-based liquid formulations.In addition, the efficient flavoring and taste masking technologies, using safe pharmaceutical excipients, high-demanding technical standards and verification strategies, establishing excellent workflow management systems can contribute to the development and application of pediatric oral liquid dosage forms which are safer, more effective and better compliant.This review is helpful in laying the relevant theoretical foundation for further studies on pediatric oral liquid dosage forms.

Therapeutic effect of celecoxib-loaded microspheres on rheumatoid arthritis in rats after intra-articular injection / 中国药科大学学报

@#This study sought to assess the therapeutic effect of celecoxib (CEL)-loaded polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) microspheres on rheumatoid arthritis in rats after intra-articular injection.The celecoxib-loaded microspheres (CEL-MS) were prepared by the O/W solvent volatilization method with PLGA as carrier.In order to investigate the therapeutic effect of CEL-MS on rheumatoid arthritis in rats after intra-articular injection, a rat model of adjuvant arthritis (AA) was constructed by complete Freund''s adjuvant, and the evaluation indicators of the therapeutic effect were rat paw swelling, arthritis index,spleen index and joint synovial histopathological examination. The results showed that the microspheres had a smooth spherical morphology with a particle size of (2.1 ± 0.3) μm and a drug loading efficiency of (20.8 ± 0.6)%.The results of the in vivo efficacy test showed that intra-articular injection of CEL-MS compared to the CEL suspension oral and the celecoxib suspension intra-articular injection in adjuvant arthritis rat model can significantly reduce joint swelling and arthritis index, thus effectively inhibiting synovial inflammation.The above results indicate that intra-articular injection of CEL-MS has a good therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis in rats.

Preparation and evaluation of azithromycin-loaded microspheres for oral administration / 中国药科大学学报

@#To mask the bitterness of azithromycin（AZI） and improve patient compliance, an AZI-loaded microsphere (AZI-EC MS) for oral administration was prepared by O/W emulsion solvent evaporation with ethylcellulose (EC) as carrier. The release profiles and taste-masking effect of AZI-EC MS were preliminarily assessed. Its physical properties and morphology were then investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the polymer weight of EC could influence the drug release behavior. With a drug polymer ratio of 1∶1 and mixed EC (N22/T10, 7∶3) as carrier, the cumulative release of AZI-EC MS at 0.5 h was less than 40% and reached 90% at 8 h; the drug loading efficiency of microspheres was (48.95 ± 0.86)% with smooth spherical morphology. The AZI bitterness threshold is 9.93 μg/mL with a strong bitter taste, which indicated a better taste masking effect. Therefore, AZI-EC MS prepared in this study can mask AZI bitterness and improve patient compliance, setting the stage for the research of new AZI preparations.

Progress on novel pediatric oral solid dosage forms / 中国药科大学学报

@#In China, the incidence of adverse reactions of drugs in children is twice that in adults; especially in the newborns, it is four times that in adults. The main reason is that the physiological characteristics of children are changing constantly due to that they are in a constant process of growth and development; while the pediatric medicines cannot meet the clinical needs of children in different age states. Accordingly, the development of pediatric medicines, especially oral solid preparations which are convenient for administration and storage, has attracted a lot of attention. This review introduced various pediatric oral solid dosage forms such as multiparticulates, orally disintegrating tablets(ODT)and chewable tablets. In addition, the efficient taste masking technology and accurate dose control were the further research directions for development of pediatric medicines, which would provide important theoretical references for studies on pediatric oral solid dosage forms in future.

Sciatic nerve leachate of cattle causes neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells via ERK1/2 signaling pathway

Previous studies have shown that the sciatic nerve has neurotrophic activity, and nerve regeneration, differentiation, and axon outgrowth can be modulated by different sciatic nerve preparations. However, numerous animals may have to be sacrificed to obtain enough sciatic nerves to make a sciatic nerve preparation. Some studies have demonstrated that the role of sciatic nerve preparations in neural differentiation depends on the neurotrophins that Schwann cells secrete, and these factors are highly conserved among different species. To reduce the use of experimental animals, in this study, we made a leachate by using the sciatic nerve of cattle and explored its effect on neuronal differentiation of rat PC12 cells (a useful model for studying neuronal differentiation). Results showed the neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells treated with the cattle sciatic nerve leachate for 3, 6, and 9 days was significantly improved, and the expressions of β3-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 2 (two neuron-specific proteins) were increased. Moreover, the ERK1/2 signaling pathway was activated after PC12 cells were incubated with cattle sciatic nerve leachate for 9 days. Thus, a sciatic nerve leachate obtained from cattle can effectively induce neuronal differentiation of rat PC12 cells via ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Accuracy of middle finger length in predicting depth of placement of oral endotracheal tubes in patients of different ages / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of the middle finger length in predicting the depth of placement of oral endotracheal tube (ETT) in patients of different ages.Methods One hundred and twenty patients of both sexes,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ,undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia requiring insertion of ETT,were divided into adult (18-84 yr) group (n =98) and children (5-14 yr) group (n =22) according to age.After anesthesia induction,the length of trachea was measured through mouth with a fiberoptic bronchoscope,and the patients were endotracheally intubated with the depth of three times the length of the left middle finger.The length from ETT tip to carina was measured after positioning.The optimal depth of placement of ETT was calculated,and the rate of appropriate placement depth of ETT was calculated.Linear correlation of three times the length of the middle finger with the optimal placement depth of ETT was analyzed.Results The rate of appropriate placement depth of ETT was 88％,the excessively deep placement of ETT was 7％,and the excessively shallow placement of ETT was 5％ in adult group.The rate of appropriate placement depth of ETT was 90％,the excessively deep placement of ETT was 10％,and no excessively shallow placement of ETT was found in children group.The tip and cuff of ETT were all in the main trachea in the two groups.The optimal placement depth of ETT was positively correlated with three times the length of the left middle finger (r =0.774,P＜0.01) in adult group and (r=0.911,P＜0.01) in children group.Conclusion Three times the length of the left middle finger can predict the appropriate placement depth of oral ETT in patients of 18-84 yr and 5-14 yr.

Advances in taste-masking technology of oral paediatric medicine / 中国药科大学学报

As children are extremely sensitive to the bad taste of medicine,they have poor compliance with the bitter medicine.It is of great importance to develop the approaches of taste masking for the research of paediatric drug formulations.Besides,taste masking technology is one of the main barrier to develop children pharmaceutic preparation.This article provides an overview of the advance in taste masking technology of oral paediatric medicine in recent years,and introduces five types of taste masking technology in terms of drug,preparation and the bitter taste transduction,including principle and characteristics of these approaches,as well as their application in formulations,so as to provide some references for the development of paediatric medicine.

Study on the improvement of hemorheology and prognosis of cervical spondylopathy by tongmai dingxuan decoction combined with manipulation / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To study the improvement of hemorheology and prognosis of cervical spondylosis by Tongmai Dingxuan Decoction combined with Manipulation.MethodsA total of 106 patients with cervical spondylopathy in our hospital from November 2014 to November 2015 were randomly divided into observation group and control group,with 53 cases in each group.The control group were treated with manipulation,the observation group was treated with Tongmai Dingxuan Decoction combined with manipulation.The changes of hemorheology parameters such as high blood viscosity, whole blood low shear viscosity, plasma viscosity, whole blood reduction viscosity, hematocrit, erythrocyte aggregation index, fibrinogen were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.The two groups of patients were observed for a one-year follow-up, one year recurrence rate were compared.ResultsThe total effective rate was 92.45% in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group 77.36% (P<0.05).The whole blood low shear viscosity (7.01±1.52) mPa·s, the whole blood viscosity (1.18±0.28) mPa·s, fibrinogen (3.91±0.94) g/L were significantly lower than those in the control group (7.88±1.65) mPa·s, (1.47±0.34) mPa·s, (4.51±0.98) g/L (P<0.05).The recurrence rate in the observation group was 13.21%, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (30.19%) (P<0.05).ConclusionTongmai Dingxuan Tang combined with manipulation in the treatment with cervical spondylosis is significant, the whole blood viscosity is reduced, blood circulation function is improved, the recurrence rate after treatment is low, which is worthy of clinical application.

Expression of lncRNA PCGEM1 and AR co-localization in prostate cancer and tis signiifcance / 中国癌症杂志

Background and purpose:Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) could be an important player in cancer biology. Recent studies showed that lncRNA PCGEM1 might be important in the regulation of androgen recep-tor (AR) signaling pathway. We tried to observe the expressions of lncRNA PCGEM1 and AR in prostate cancer, and investigate their role and signiifcance in prostate cancer genesis and progress.Methods:The expression of lncRNA PCGEM1 was observed in prostate cancer by lfuorescencein situ hybridization (FISH) technique. Then detection of AR was performed by immunolfuorescence histochemistry methods. Their co-effective role was checked by RNA pull-down technique.Results:Compared with the AR-independent cell line such as PC3 or DU145, AR-dependent cell line such as LNCaP showed much higher expression of lncRNA PCGEM1 (P<0.01). PCGEM1 and AR could be co-localized in most of these prostate cancer samples, especially in the metastasis samples. Moreover, androgen deprivation promoted the translocation of PCGEM1 into nucleus. RNA pull-down results also proved the co-effective role of PCGEM1 and AR.Conclusion:This study showed that lncRNA PCGEM1 was highly expressed in metastatic prostate cancer. It was related to the progress and malignant behavior of the prostate cancer. Its co-localization with AR may play an important role in prostate cancer genesis and progress.

Advances of peptides in cancer treatment / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Studies demonstrate that peptides have great potential in cancer therapy and inhibitation of tumor progression.Peptides can be used as hormones,vaccines,carriers of redionuclides and cytotoxic drugs as well as anti-tumor drugs playing important roles in oncotherapy.Targeting chemotherapy and targeting drug transportation technique can enable the drugs to concentrate expected location selectively and effectively,emerging as an alternative to the conventional chemotherapy.

Experimental study on the characters of the FITC-CSNRDARRC molecular probe and its targeted ability for orthotopic transplanted tumor of bladder cancer in vivo / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the characters and targeted ability of FITC-CSNRDARRC molecular probe in labeling orthotopic transplantation tumor of bladder cancer in vivo.Methods From July 2013 to June 2014,the stability and characters of FITC-CSNRDARRC molecular probe were detected by spectrophotometer and molecular imaging and the optimum concentration and imaging time window were determined.30 BALB-C nude mice were randomly divided into experimental group (n =20) and control group(n =10).In control group,5 of them (group A) were ligated bilateral ureter,others(group B) were not.We established orthotropic transplanted bladder tumor (BIU-87) model by operation.And 0.2 ml probes (220 μmol/L) was then injected intravenously in all mice after 2 weeks.We obtained images and analyzed average gray value of the heart,lung,liver,spleen,bilateral kidney and orthotropic transplantation bladder tumor by using optical probe molecule fluorescence imaging system after 30 min,1 h,2 h,4 h and 12 h,respectively.Results After injected the FITC-CSNRDARRC molecular probes intravenously at 220 μmol/L,the fluorescence signal of tumor tissue strengthened gradually.The optimal imaging time window was 4 hours after injection.The illumination and temperature had little effect on the fluorescence signal.With the time passing after injection,the intensity of florescence signal progressively increasing,which reached the peak at4 h.The average gray value of tumor tissue at 1 h,2 h,3 h,4 h,5 h,6 h,8 h,12 h were 74.22,76.2,80.11,89.38,83.29,85.1,81.22,83.01,respectively.The fluorescence signal of normal tissue weakened gradually with the passage of time.Only liver and gall bladder could notice the fluorescence signal 4 hours after injection in group A.However,the relatively strong fluorescence signal could be found in liver and gall bladder in group B.Conclusions The characters of fluorescence probe are affected by its concentration.Its optimal concentration of labeling tumor is 220 μmol/L.The optical imaging time window was about 4 h after intravenous injection.The FITC-CSNRDARRC molecular probe can specifically bound to orthotopic transplanted tumor of bladder cancer in vivo.

The application of mass spectrometry for protein markers discovery in cancer detection / 中华检验医学杂志

Protein is involved in a variety of biological activities and associated with disease development,such as cancer.With the development of mass spectrometry-based proteomic technologies,qualitative and quantitative analysis of protein in clinical specimen using mass spectrometry is rapidly progressing in cancer biomarker study.Novel cancer biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation is the key to reducing death rate and improving survival rate.This review summarizes mass spectrometry technologies and proteomic studies for cancer biomarker discovery.

Drynaria freeze-dried powder at different dosages influences proliferation and differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Modern research shows that Drynaria can delay celldegeneration and reduce the incidence of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE:To observe the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induced by different dosages of Drynaria freeze-dried powder, and to explore the optimum induction concentration. METHODS:Rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and cultured in vitro by density gradient centrifugation and adherence screening methods, and then divided into blank group, positive control group (transforming growth factorβ1), high-, middle-, low-dosage Drynaria groups (0.4 mg, 0.1 mg, 5μg). Passage 3 cells were selected and cultured in different media. After 1 week, cellviability was detected by MTT method, and expression of type II col agen by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Both transforming growth factorβ1 and Drynaria could improve the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and the increase in cellproliferation was ranked as fol ows:positive control group>low-dosage group>middle-dosage group>high-dosage group>blank group. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were differentiated into chondrocytes under induction of transforming growth factorβ1 and Drynaria, and induced cells significantly expressed type II col agen. The expression of type II col agen was ranked as fol ows:positive control group>low-dosage group>middle-dosage group>high-dosage group>blank group. These findings suggest that Drynaria can promote the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and the optimal dosage is 5μg.

Clinical study on the effect of nasal mucosal flap preservation on the curative effect of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy / 中国医学装备

Objective: To study the effects of nasal mucosal flap preservation on the curative effect of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. Methods:Chronic dacryocystitis patients received endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in our hospital were enrolled and randomly divided into observation group given nasal mucosal flap preservation and control group not given nasal mucosal flap preservation. Then surgery condition, psychological stress and survival quality were observed. Results: (1)successful rate of observation group(96%) was higher than control group; (2)HAMA, HAMD, SAS, SDS score of observation group were lower than control group; self realization, health responsibility, movement, nutrition, interpersonal relationships, coping scores were higher than control group. Conclusion: Nasal mucosal flap preservation is helpful to improve the success rate of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and can alleviate the psychological stress, improve the quality of life in long-term follow-up.

Research on the effect of sinuses perfusate plus budesonide in chronic rhinitis and sinusitis after endoscopic surgery / 中国医学装备

Objective:To study the effect of sinuses perfusate plus budesonide in chronic rhinitis and sinusitis after endoscopic surgery. Methods:Rhinitis and sinusitis patients were randomly divided into ffect of sinuses perfusate plus budesonide in chronic rhinitis and sinusitis after endoscopic surgery given sinuses perfusate and observation group given sinuses perfusate plus budesonide. Then saccharin clearance time, pulmonary function and inflammatory factor level were observed. Results:saccharin clearance time, heart rate, respiratory rate after walking, MRC score and IL1, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8 levels of observation group were lower than control group;a second rate, 6 MWT were significantly higher than control group. Conclusion:Sinuses perfusate plus budesonide has positive clinical value for it can improve treatment effect and alleviate inflammatory state.

Clinical significance of multispectral imaging in cystoscopic examination / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To explore the imaging characteristics and clinical value of multispectral cystoscopy.Methods From May 2011 to May 2013,31 male and 4 female patients were included in this study,including benign prostatic hyperplasia in 14 patients,bladder tumor in 16 patients,upper urinary tract disease alone in 5 patients.The mean age in this group was 56 years (range 43 to 84 years).All patients accepted the bladder CT scan for diagnosis.TURBT procedure and pathological examination were performed in those patients with bladder tumor.Under the epidural anesthesia,the 27 F resectoscope was inserted to bladder through the urethra.Then,the conventional light source was replaced by multispectral endoscope light source.The white light,UV-light (401.0 nm),blue light (467.6 nm),green light (534.2nm),red light (660.6 nm),and near-infrared light (763.8 nm) were used,subseqently.Meanwhile,the following data were recorded,such as the visibility of bladder cavity,the color of bladder tumors and bladder mucosa,the density of blood vessels,three-dimensional structure of blood vessels,the mobility between mucosa and submucosa.Results When UV-light and near-infrared light irradiated bladders,there were not any imaging on monitor.However,the bladder mucosa and submucosa blood vessels were showed clearly and constituted the three-dimensional blood vessel network when using green light.The density of blood vessels in mucosal and submucosal layer was increased but less clarity when using blue light.The mucosal surface was covered in red when using red light,which vascular and mucosal can not able to be distinguished.Among 16 patients who were accepted the TURBT procedure,seven cases with T1 stage tumors were resected to the submucosa by TURBT.The superficial muscle layer with integrity structure could be observed under white light.While,blood vessels were not appeared when using green light.In six cases with Ta stage tumors,the clear connection of blood spots between mucous blood vessels and the blood vessel from the tumor could be observed under the green-light conditions.In three patients with Tis stage tumors,the mucosal blood vessels were normal under the white-light after tumor resection.However,structural disorder could be found under the green-light,which should be highly suspected as Tis stage tumors.Conclusions Without any photosensitizer or fluorescent dye,tumor blood vessels and bladder mucosal vascular can be showed under the green light.This technique is useful for identify the minimal tumor and evaluate the carcinoma infiltrated depth.

An association of elevated serum prolactin with phthalate exposure in adult men / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the associations of hormone circulation with phthalate exposure in adult men.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Semen and serum samples were collected from 118 men who were suspected of infertility. Phthalate diesters including dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in both semen and serum samples were measured, along with serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), estradiol (E(2)) and prolactin (PRL).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Serum PRL was positively associated with serum DBP and DEHP and semen DEHP in all models of Spearman correlation, linear regression and binary logistic regression. In linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders and excluding subjects with undetectable phthalates, a 10-fold increase in semen DEHP was associated with a 23% increase in serum PRL, as well as a 26% increase in serum DBP and a 20% increase in serum DEHP. In logistic regression models all subjects demonstrated a dose-response relationship between above reference value PRL and semen DEHP (odds ratio per tertile adjusted for potential confounders = 1.0, 1.70, 3.50; P for trend = 0.01), and serum DBP (1.0, 1.10, 2.62; P for trend = 0.04), and serum DEHP (1.0, 1.46, 4.69; P for trend < 0.01). A positive correlation between serum estradiol and semen DEHP (linear regression), and an inverse correlation between semen DBP and serum testosterone and T:E(2) ratio (Spearman correlation) were also established.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Serum PRL is suggested to be positively associated with both DBP and DEHP exposure in adult men.</p>

The distribution and influential factors of serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein in general population / 中华内科杂志

Objective To observe the distribution and influence factors of serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in general population. Methods In a cross-sectional population survey, a total of 101 510 subjects who were employed by Kailuan Group had been carried out a healthy examination in the period of 2006 to 2007. In the statistical analysis, we observed 91 123 subjects (males 72 805, females 18 318) who had full information and met the inclusion criteria of the study. Results ( 1 ) The geometric means of hs-CRP were 0. 70 mg/L, 0. 70 mg/L and 0. 73 mg/L in all subjects, males and females,respectively, the 95th percentiles were 6.28 mg/L, 6.20 mg/L and 6.49 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of hs-CRP increased with age in both males and females (P trend = 0. 001 ). Serum hs-CRP geometric mean was 0. 54 mg/L and the 95th percentile was 5.40 mg/L in health group, while the geometric mean was 0. 80 mg/L and the 95th percentile was 6. 57 mg/L in non-health group. (2) Multiple linear regression analysis showed that concentrations of hs-CRP were positively associated with gender, age,systolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, smoking history, history of coronary heart disease and stroke history, but concentrations of hs-CRP were inversely related with diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and alcohol history. Conclusion Serum concentrations of hs-CRP level increased with age, concentrations of hs-CRP were higher in females than males; a variety of cardiovascular factors effected the concentrations of hs-CRP.

Effects of vinblastine nanoparticles on growth and apoptosis of glioma cell line C6 / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare effects of vinblastine (VLB) nanoparticles (NPS) and VLB physiologic saline solution on inhibiting glioma cell lines C6 growth and inducting its apoptosis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Glioma cell lines C6 were respectively treated with 500 micro x L(-1) VLB NPS and VLB physiologic saline solution for 7 days. Amount of cells were counted by blood cell counting chamber. Glioma C6 growth curve was draw according to cells amount. Clone formation rate of glioma C6 was detected after 500 microg x L(-1) VLB NPS and VLB physiologic saline solution incubation for 2 weeks. In addition, the whole morphology of glioma C6 were observed by inverted microscope and inverted fluorescence microscope after 500 microg x L(-1) VLB NPS and VLB physiologic saline solution incubation for 48 h.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Entrapment of VLB in NPS may significantly inhibit glioma cells C6 growth from 2 to 7 days compared with VLB physiologic saline solution in the same dose (P < 0.05). Clone formation rate of glioma C6 in VLB physiologic saline solution group is 1. 3 times better than VLB NPS. The difference between VLB NPS and VLB physiologic saline solution is significant (P < 0.05). Results of morphology change indicated glioma cells C6 with the VLB NPS treatment were intermediate or end stage, missed structure integrality. Amount of cells was distinctly decreased, and apoptosis cells number was apparently increased compared with VLB physiologic saline solution group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>VLB NPS have stronger cytotoxicity to glioma cells line C6 compared with VLB physiologic saline solution in the same dose. NPS may be effective as promising carrier for the transport of VLB into the glioma cells.</p>

Protective effects of catalpol against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in astrocytes / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the protective effects of catalpol against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in astrocytes.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Astrocytes were pretreated with 1, 10, 100 micromol x L(-1) catalpol and then exposed to H2O2. Effects of catalpol on cell morphous were observed by inverted microscope. Cell viability were detected by MTT assay. LDH content in the cell culture fluid, and intracellular T-SOD, GSH-Px activity and MDA content were assessed by colorimetric method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The results showed that catalpol evidently ameliorated cell morphous, improved cell viability, and maintained integrality of cell membrane. Furthermore, catalpol could significantly inhibit the decrease of intracellullar T-SOD and GSH-Px activity, and the increase of MDA content.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Catalpol have protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in astrocytes.</p>